Molybdenum disulfide
Molybdenum disulfide
CAS: 1317-33-5;1309-56-4
Molecular Formula: MoS2
Molybdenum disulfide - Names and Identifiers
| Name | Molybdenum disulfide |
| Synonyms | mos2 dag325 mopolm mopols molykote C.I. 77770 molybdenite Molybdenite (MoS2) dithioxomolybdenum naturalmolybdenite- disulfuredemolybdene Molybdenum disulfide C.I. Pigment Black 34 molybdenumsulfide(mos2) molybdenum(4+) disulfide MolybdenumDisulphidePowder Molybdenum ores, molybdenite MOLYBDENUM(IV) SULFIDE, POWDER MOLYBDENUM(IV) SULFIDE, POWDER, |
| CAS | 1317-33-5 1309-56-4 |
| EINECS | 215-263-9 |
| InChI | InChI=1/Mo.2S/rMoS2/c2-1-3 |
| InChIKey | CWQXQMHSOZUFJS-UHFFFAOYSA-N |
Molybdenum disulfide - Physico-chemical Properties
| Molecular Formula | MoS2 |
| Molar Mass | 160.07 |
| Density | 5.06g/mLat 25°C(lit.) |
| Melting Point | 2375 °C |
| Boling Point | 100°C (water) |
| Water Solubility | Soluble in hot sulfuric acid, and aquaregia. Insoluble in water, concentrated sulfuric acid and dilute acid. |
| Solubility | Soluble in aqua regia, hot nitric acid and concentrated sulfuric acid, insoluble in water, dilute sulfuric acid and organic solvents |
| Vapor Presure | 12600mmHg at 25°C |
| Appearance | Dark gray or black powder |
| Specific Gravity | 4.8 |
| Color | Gray to dark gray or black |
| Odor | Transparent |
| Exposure Limit | ACGIH: TWA 10 mg/m3; TWA 3 mg/m3NIOSH: IDLH 5000 mg/m3 |
| Merck | 14,6236 |
| Storage Condition | Room Temprature |
| Stability | Stable. Incompatible with oxidizing agents, acids. |
| MDL | MFCD00003470 |
| Physical and Chemical Properties | Appearance silver gray black powder |
| Use | Used as a lubricant in various gear boxes |
Molybdenum disulfide - Risk and Safety
| Safety Description | S22 - Do not breathe dust. S24/25 - Avoid contact with skin and eyes. |
| WGK Germany | - |
| RTECS | QA4697000 |
| TSCA | Yes |
| HS Code | 28309090 |
| Toxicity | LC50 inhalation in rat: > 2820mg/m3/4H |
Molybdenum disulfide - Upstream Downstream Industry
| Raw Materials | Molybdenum disulfide ERUCAMIDE |
Molybdenum disulfide - Nature
Open Data Verified Data
black powder with silver-gray luster. Hexagonal crystal system. The relative density was 4. 80. Melting point 1185 °c. 450 degrees C sublimation. Mohs hardness 1~1.5. Generally, the friction coefficient is 0. 05~0.09. In the atmosphere, the temperature around 400 ° C. Began to gradually oxidize, the oxide is molybdenum trioxide. Good chemical and thermal stability. Insoluble in water, dilute acid and concentrated sulfuric acid, but soluble in hot sulfuric acid. Insoluble in other acids, bases, solvents, petroleum, synthetic lubricants. With the general metal surface does not produce chemical reaction, does not attack the rubber material.
Last Update：2024-01-02 23:10:35
Molybdenum disulfide - Preparation Method
Open Data Verified Data
- molybdenite purification method: molybdenite concentrate (containing MoS2 75%) by hydrochloric acid, hydrofluoric acid in direct steam heating, stirring for several hours after repeated treatment of 3-4 times, remove silicon, iron and other harmful impurities, so that the MoSz content of more than 97%, washed with hot water for several times, centrifugal separation, and washed with water to neutral, at 110 deg C drying, grinding, that is to obtain molybdenum disulfide products.
- synthesis method: Molybdenum trioxide is obtained from molybdenum concentrate by roasting, and then is leached with ammonia to generate ammonium molybdate solution, which is sent to a vulcanizer and sulfided with hydrogen sulfide to convert ammonium molybdate into ammonium thiomolybdate. Hydrochloric acid was added to acidify to pH = 2-3 to convert ammonium thiomolybdate to molybdenum trisulfide precipitate. The molybdenum trisulfide is centrifuged, washed with warm water until neutral, dried and pulverized, and then pyrolyzed and desulfurized at about 950 ℃ and pulverized to obtain a molybdenum disulfide product.
Last Update：2022-01-01 11:04:39
Molybdenum disulfide - Introduction
Good chemical stability and thermal stability. The air starts to oxidize gradually at about 400 ℃, and the oxide is molybdenum trioxide. Sublimation at 450 ℃.
Last Update：2022-10-16 17:13:20
Molybdenum disulfide - Use
Open Data Verified Data
is widely used in the automotive and mechanical industries. Can be used as a good solid lubricating material. In high temperature, low temperature, high load, high speed, chemical corrosion and modern ultra-vacuum conditions, the equipment has excellent lubricity. Added in lubricating oil, grease, polytetrafluoroethylene, nylon, paraffin wax, stearic acid can improve lubrication and reduce friction effect. Extend the lubrication cycle, reduce costs, improve working conditions. It can also be used as a non-ferrous metal stripping agent and forging lubricant.
Last Update：2022-01-01 11:04:38
Molybdenum disulfide - Safety
Open Data Verified Data
sealed with a clean polyethylene plastic bag, or externally packed in a fiber barrel, 1kg or 15kg net weight per bag (barrel). Risk code: GB 3.2 class 32193. Store in a ventilated and dry warehouse, easily affected by moisture, packing must be tight without air leakage, use the end of the bag to tie or cover tightly, so as not to bond. Not co-stored with an oxidizing agent. During transport, it should be protected against rain and sunlight. When loading and unloading should be light to prevent packaging damage. Fire, can use water, sand, all kinds of fire extinguishing. Toxicity and protection of the maximum allowable concentration of 6mg/m3. See molybdenum oxide for the rest.
Last Update：2022-01-01 11:04:39
Molybdenum disulfide - Reference Information
| EPA chemical information | Information provided by: ofmpub.epa.gov (external link) |
| Electronic properties | 2D Semiconductor |
| Bandgap | 1.23 eV |
| overview | molybdenum disulfide, the main component of molybdite, lead gray to black solid powder, smooth contact, odorless, belonging to hexagonal crystal system or orthorhombic crystal system, similar to graphite, with metallic luster; molybdenum disulfide is a good solid lubricating material, under the conditions of high temperature, low temperature, high load, high speed, chemical corrosion and modern ultra-vacuum, it has excellent lubricity to the equipment; it can be used as friction modifier (friction reducer), anti-wear agent, extreme pressure agent and antioxidant; widely used in aviation industry (vacuum radiation-resistant lubrication), automobile industry (fixtures and components), anti-seizure industry (machinery industry) (general lubrication), mining, military industry, shipbuilding, heavy industry, bearing industry, gear industry and assembly industry, etc. It is also used as additives for various lubricants, manufacturing molybdenum compounds, catalytic hydrogenation desulfurization catalysts, gas storage materials, photocell materials, etc. Molybdenum disulfide is an important solid lubricant, known as the "king of advanced solid lubricants", especially suitable for high temperature and high pressure. It also has diamagnetism, which can be used as a linear photoconductor and a semiconductor showing P-type or N-type conductivity, and has the function of rectification and energy conversion. Molybdenum disulfide can also be used as a catalyst for the dehydrogenation of complex hydrocarbons. Molybdenum disulfide is a solid powder made from natural molybdenum concentrate powder after chemical purification and changing its molecular structure. This product is slightly silver-gray in color, with metallic luster, smooth touch, and insoluble in water. The product has the advantages of good dispersibility and non-bonding. It can be added to various oils and fats to form a colloidal state that is never bonded, which can increase the lubricity and extreme pressure of oils and fats. It is also suitable for mechanical working conditions with high temperature, high pressure, high speed and high load to extend the life of the equipment. The main function of molybdenum disulfide used in friction materials is to reduce friction at low temperatures and increase friction at high temperatures. The loss on ignition is small and it is volatile in friction materials. |
| preparation method | the preparation process of molybdenum disulfide can be divided into two types: natural method and synthetic method. The natural method is to further purify the high-quality molybdenum concentrate, and the metal and non-metal impurities in the molybdenum concentrate are leached by leaching agent. When preparing molybdenum disulfide by synthesis method, ammonium molybdate is used as raw material, first vulcanized into ammonium thiomolybdate, then acidified to obtain molybdenum trisulfide, and then pyrolyzed to obtain molybdenum disulfide. 1. Molybdenum disulfide is prepared by natural mineral molybdenum oxide concentrate as raw material for impurity removal. The reaction formula is: Fe2O3 + 6HCl = 2FeCl3+3H2OSiO2 + 4HF = SiF4 ↑ 2H2OCaO + 2HCl = CaCl2 + H2O natural mineral purification method includes acid leaching impurity removal process, vacuum (nitrogen charging) roasting acid leaching impurity removal process, enhanced beneficiation acid leaching impurity removal process, etc., which can produce molybdenum disulfide products meeting lubrication requirements. At present, solid lubricant molybdenum disulfide is mainly produced by this method. (1) acid leaching impurity removal process ground molybdenum concentrate (including MoS2 ≥ 75%) to 240~300 mesh, add it to a reaction kettle, introduce concentrated salt and hydrofluoric acid, heat and stir for several hours, and process it repeatedly for 3~4 times until the impurity content meets the requirements. The amount of concentrated hydrochloric acid and hydrofluoric acid added depends on the impurity content in the ore, and the general ratio of hydrochloric acid and hydrofluoric acid is 1:1. The acid-treated molybdenum ore neutralizes the inclusion acid with a small amount of ammonia water, centrifugally filters and separates, removes the soluble filtrate of silicon, iron and other impurities, and then washes it several times with hot water until the pH value is 7. Then the filter cake was dried in a drying oven at (95±5) ℃ for 24 hours, and the water content was reduced to 0.2%. The dry solid molybdenum disulfide is cyclically crushed in a jet mill for 3 to 5 times, so that the molybdenum disulfide particle size reaches 2 to 4 μm, and the finished product is obtained. The silicon fluoride gas produced in acid treatment and a large amount of waste acid can be used to produce fluorosilicic acid and sodium fluorosilicate. The mother liquor produced by filtration can be used to produce fertilizer. The acid leaching process is short, the equipment is simple, the investment is small, the cost is low, and the recovery rate is high. However, the environmental pollution is serious and the product quality is relatively low (molybdenum disulfide content ≥ 97%). (2) Vacuum (nitrogen charging) roasting acid leaching process Molybdenum ore (containing MoS2 ≥ 75%) is roasted at 600 ℃ under vacuum (or nitrogen charging) protection, pyrite is transformed into acid-soluble pyrrhotite, leached with hydrochloric acid (or dilute sulfuric acid), filtered to remove iron ore impurities and acid-soluble impurities, and then hydrofluoric acid to remove gangue and silica, etc., after washing, filtering and drying, molybdenum disulfide of 1 ~ 8μm was obtained by crushing with a content of 98%. The process is simple and the cost is low. However, the impurity content of the product is slightly higher. Due to the operation under high temperature conditions, some molybdenum disulfide crystal forms change, which affects the lubricating performance of the product. (3) Strengthen the beneficiation acid leaching and impurity removal process to further gravity or flotation the molybdenum concentrate selected from the mine to make the molybdenum disulfide content> 98%, and then use an appropriate amount of acid to remove impurities to obtain high-quality molybdenum disulfide lubricant products. Jinduicheng Molybdenum Industry Company adds one or more sections of grinding, improves the degree of dissociation of mineral monomers, adds certain inhibitors, and inhibits impurities in the added multiple selection sections, so that the selected products contain molybdenum disulfide up to 98%, and then leach silicate substances with hydrofluoric acid. The product produced by this method has high purity (≥ 98% ) , low cost, retains natural molybdenum disulfide crystal form and good lubricating performance. The mineral processing technology is adopted to inhibit impurities in minerals to the greatest extent, reduce the pressure of acid leaching operation, reduce the acid concentration and acid leaching temperature, and reduce the pollution of acid to the environment. At present, this advanced process is used to produce molybdenum disulfide at home and abroad. 2. Molybdenum disulfide is prepared by synthetic method using molybdenum ore as raw material. The reaction formula is: 2MoS2+7O2=2MoO3+4SO2MoO3 + 2NH4OH =(NH4)2MoO4 + H2O(NH4)2MoO4 + 4H2S =(NH4)2MoS4+4H2O(NH4)2MoS4 + 2HCl = MoS3 + 2NH4Cl + H2SMoS3 = MoS2 + S After roasting molybdite (containing MoS2 ≥ 75%) and reacting with ammonia water, ammonium molybdate solution (relative density 1.11~1.12) is prepared, and hydrogen sulfide gas is introduced into a vulcanizer, ammonium molybdate is converted to ammonium thiomolybdate. Feed into a closed acidizer, stir, add about 10% hydrochloric acid, when the pH value of the solution is 2~3, stir for about 30min, ammonium thiomolybdate is converted into molybdenum trisulfide precipitation, filtered and washed with warm water to neutral. Dry the filter cake, crush it and put it into a crucible for vacuum thermal decomposition and desulfurization at (950±20) ℃. After the desulfurization material is selected, it is crushed by air flow to obtain the finished product. The production process of chemical synthesis method is complicated, but the purity of the product is high, the content of molybdenum disulfide can generally reach 99%, and the particle size is fine. The crystal structure of the product prepared by the synthesis method is an orthorhombic crystal system, and its lubricating performance is not as good as that of the hexagonal molybdenum disulfide prepared by the natural mineral purification method. The synthesis method requires high-temperature desulfurization of molybdenum trisulfide under a vacuum strip, and the product is susceptible to sulfur pollution. The product recovery rate is low and the production cost is high, which is the biggest disadvantage of the process. The advanced technology used abroad is to make ammonium thiomolybdate into crystals and put it into a hydrogen reduction furnace for thermal decomposition. This method can be produced continuously, and can improve product quality, reduce consumption and reduce environmental pollution. Molybdenum disulfide is prepared by chemical reaction by chemical synthesis method. Appropriate control of reaction conditions can reduce particle size and prepare ultrafine molybdenum disulfide and even nano molybdenum disulfide. There are many kinds of synthesis methods. According to the reaction types, they mainly include reduction method, oxidation method, electrochemical method, etc. Mo(Ⅵ) and Mo(Ⅴ) are reduced to Mo(Ⅳ) by reduction method with appropriate reducing agent. By controlling the reaction conditions, the particle size of molybdenum disulfide can reach nanometer level. The reducing agents used include hydrazine, hydroxylamine and hydrogen. |
| production standard | lubricant grade molybdenum disulfide is obtained by ball milling, acid treatment, regrinding, drying and grading of molybdenum concentrate. Trace flotation oil remaining in molybdenum concentrate can be removed by heating or extraction. Three typical commercial molybdenum disulfide powder standards are shown in Table 2. Table 2 is the international standard of molybdenum disulfide powder for lubrication Table 2 shows the analysis standard of molybdenum disulfide powder in the international market. It can be seen that the ultrafine powder allows to increase the acidity, oil and water content due to the increase of the ball milling process. Acid insoluble substances include siliceous, which may affect the wear properties of molybdenum disulfide. China's molybdenum disulfide implements GB/T23271-2009 standard, and the specific content is listed in Table 3. Table 3 is China's molybdenum disulfide standard |
| application | 1. except for the case where black filler cannot be used, molybdenum disulfide is used as lubricant in almost all dry film lubricants, such as EM-1 dry film (epoxy resin-MoS2 type). Common molybdenum disulfide dry film lubricants include U.S. military dry films such as MIL-L-3987 and MIL-L-23398, which are all molybdenum disulfide dry film lubricants. The SS-2 dry film lubricants with silicate as the binder developed in China, and the PEP lubricating and anti-rust dry films with phenolic oxygen resin as the binder are also made of molybdenum disulfide as the main lubricant and other fillers. At present, dry film lubricants have been widely applied to bearings, gears, molds and other civil products. 2. Lubricating grease molybdenum disulfide grease, generally in the oil, grease to add about 4% of the mass fraction of molybdenum disulfide. It has been successfully applied to equipment in metallurgy, steel rolling, mining machinery and coal mining industries. In some high temperature, open air, field, tunnel application equipment, grease is difficult to lubricate or supplement equipment often uses molybdenum disulfide ointment. No. 9 and No. 2 ointment produced in Shanghai, Benxi and other places belongs to this category. 3. Lubricating film-forming paste for wheels, rails and gears Lanzhou Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences has successfully developed GM-type and BL-type lubricating film-forming paste, which completely eliminates oil leakage in gear boxes. This film-forming paste is also widely applied to gear lubrication of locomotive transmission shaft gears, cranes, steel rolling equipment and large-scale equipment such as mines. The application of film-forming paste on the rail and wheel rim increases the life of the rail by 4 to 5 times; the life of the wheel rim is increased by 7 times, and the electricity (or fuel) is saved by about 7%. (2015-10-23) |
| toxicity | the maximum allowable concentration is 6mg/m3. See Molybdenum Oxide for the rest. |
| Use | Used for making grease, solid lubricating film additives, nylon and other fillers, catalysts Widely used in the automotive industry and machinery industry. Can be used as a good solid lubricating material. Under high temperature, low temperature, high load, high speed, chemical corrosion and modern ultra-vacuum conditions, it has excellent lubricity to the equipment. Adding to lubricating oil, grease, polytetrafluoroethylene, nylon, paraffin, stearic acid can improve lubrication and reduce friction. Extend lubrication cycle, reduce costs and improve working conditions. It can also be used as a release agent for non-ferrous metals and a forging mold lubricant. Used for the preparation of molybdenum compounds, and also used as a hydrogenation reaction catalyst Used as a lubricant for oil-free lubrication of drill bits, cutting tools, etc., hard alloy steel, etc. Used as a cooling lubricant for metal cutting Used as a lubricating oil additive, non-ferrous metal stripper Used as a lubricant in various gearboxes Hydrogenation and isomerization catalyst A two-dimensional layered material. used to make grease, solid lubricating film additives, nylon and other fillers, catalysts |
| production method | molybdenum concentrate (containing 75% MoS2) purified by molybdite is heated by hydrochloric acid and hydrofluoric acid under direct steam, stirred for several hours and repeatedly treated for 3-4 times, then harmful impurities such as silicon and iron are removed to make MoS content reach more than 97%, washed several times with hot water, centrifuged and separated, and washed with water until neutral, drying and crushing at 110 ℃ to obtain molybdenum disulfide finished products. Its SiO2 + 4HF → SiF4 +2H2OFe2O3 + 6HCl → 2FeCl3+3H2OCaCO3 + 2HCl → CaCl2 + H2O + CO2 ↑ MgCO3 + 2HCl → MgC12 + H2O + CO2 ↑ The synthetic molybdenum concentrate is roasted to obtain molybdenum trioxide, which is then impregnated with ammonia to generate ammonium molybdate solution, which is fed into a vulcanizer and vulcanized with human hydrogen sulfide to convert ammonium molybdate into ammonium thiomolybdate. Add hydrochloric acid acidification to pH = 2~3, so that ammonium thiomolybdate into molybdenum trisulfide precipitation. Molybdenum trisulfide is centrifuged and washed with warm water to be neutral. After drying and crushing, it is pyrolyzed and desulfurized at about 950 ℃ to obtain the finished product of molybdenum disulfide. Its 2MoS2+702 → 2MoO3+4SO2 ↑ MoS2 +2NH3?H2O →(NH4)2MoO4 + H2O(NH4)2MoO4 + 4H2S →(NH4)2MOS4+4H2O(NH4)2?MoSO4 + 2HCl → MoS3 + 2NH4Cl + H2S ↑ MoS3 → MoS2 + S |
| category | flammable liquid |
| flammability hazard characteristics | solvent flammable |
| storage and transportation characteristics | warehouse ventilation and low temperature drying |
| fire extinguishing agent | dry powder, carbon dioxide, soluble foam, sand |
| toxic substance data | information provided by: pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov (external link) |
Last Update：2024-04-10 22:29:15
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Raw Materials for Molybdenum disulfide